Violencia física, violencia pública: a la búsqueda de mecanismos de dominación social

Rafael Micó

doi:10.3989/chdj.2020.009

Autores/as

Rafael Micó Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Prehistòria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-3182

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.009

Palabras clave:

Violencia, Clases sociales, Civilización, Reclusión, Victimización, Apaciguamiento

Resumen

La explicación de la expansión mundial y el mantenimiento a largo plazo de disimetrías económicas y estructuras políticas centralizadas y jerárquicas constituye un tema fundamental para las disciplinas sociales y humanas. Esta problemática puede formularse como una paradoja cuando los grupos explotados y victimizados apoyan abiertamente el orden social que los somete. La arqueología tiene la capacidad de abordar este problema desde una perspectiva a largo plazo. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las implicaciones de la violencia física letal y pública en el contexto de las sociedades clasistas. Estas se caracterizan por explotación económica, poder político centralizado, especialización laboral y severas limitaciones en cuanto a las perspectivas vitales y cognitivas para la mayoría de la población. Se propone que algunas de las relaciones clave bajo dichas condiciones pueden asimilarse al vínculo entre rehén y captor. A partir de ahí, se plantean inferencias basadas en argumentos psicobiológicos a fin de resolver la paradoja social antes mencionada.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Albert, Jean-Pierre. and Midant-Reynes, Béatrix ed. (2005) Le sacrifice humain en Égypte ancienne et ailleurs. Paris, Soleb.

Campbell, Roderick ed. (2014) Violence and Civilization. Studies of Social Violence in History and Prehistory. Oxford and Oakville, Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dscc

Cantor, Chris and Price, John (2007) "Traumatic entrapment, appeasement and complex post-traumatic stress disorder: evolutionary perspectives of hostage reactions, domestic abuse and the Stockholm syndrome". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 41 pp. 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701261178 PMid:17464728

Cantor, Chris (2009) "Post-traumatic stress disorder: evolutionary perspectives". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 43 pp. 1038-1048. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670903270407

Carman, John (2013) Archaeologies of Conflict. London, Bloomsbury.

Childe, V. Gordon (1945) "Directional Changes in Funerary Practices During 50,000 Years". Man. 45 pp, 13-19. https://doi.org/10.2307/2793007

De Chesnay, Mary (2013) "Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses and the Sex Trafficking Pandemic". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 34 pp. 901-907. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2013.857200 PMid:24274246

Demarest, Rebecca A. (2009) "The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women". Student Pulse, 1 (11). Available at: http://www.studentpulse.com/a?id=35 [Accessed 27 Sept 2019].

Dolfini, Andrea, Crellin, Rachel J., Horn, Christien and Uckelmann, Marion eds. (2018) Prehistoric Warfare and Violence. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. New York, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78828-9

Bremmer, Jan N. ed. (2007) The Strange World of Human Sacrifice. Louvain, Peeters.

Engels, Friedrich (2010) "The condition of the working class in England". In: Marx & Engels. Collected Works, vol. IV pp. 295-583. London, Lawrence & Wishart.

Fernández-Götz, Manuel and Roymans, Nico ed. (2017) Conflict Archaeology: Materialities of Collective Violence from Prehistory to Late Antiquity. London, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315144771

Freud, Anna (1954) El yo y los mecanismos de defensa. Y. P. de Carcamo and C. E. Carcamo, trans. Buenos Aires, Paidós.

Friedman, Matthew J. (2015) Posttraumatic and Acute Stress Disorders. 6th ed. Cham, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15066-6

Galtung, Johan (1996) Peace by peaceful means. Peace and conflict, development and civilization. London, Sage.

García Piquer, Albert and Vila, Assumpció ed. (2016) Beyond War. Archaeological Approaches to Violence. Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Goetting, Ann (2007) "Battered Women: Held in Captivity". In: N. A., Jackson, ed., Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence. Routledge, London pp. 84-86.

Graham, Dee L. R., Rawlings, Edna and Rigsby, Roberta K. (1994) Loving to Survive. Sexual Terror, Men's Violence and Women's Lives. New York and London, New York University Press.

Guilaine, Jean and Zammit, Jean (2001) Le sentier de la guerre. Visages de la violence préhistorique. Paris, Éditions du Seuil. Hamerton-Kelly, Robert G. ed. (1987) Violent Origins: Ritual Killing and Cultural Formation. Stanford, Stanford University Press.

Hattersley, Libby (1999) "Trends in life expectancy by social class". Health Statistics Quarterly. 15 pp. 16-24.

Herman, Judith L. (1992) "Complex PTSD: A Syndrome in Survivirs of Prolonged and Repeated Trauma". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 5 (3) pp. 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305

Jameson, Celia (2010) "The "short step" from love to hypnosis: A reconsideration of the Stockholm syndrome". Journal for Cultural Research. 14 (4) pp. 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797581003765309

Kalat, James W. (2015) Biological Psicology. 12th ed., Boston, Cengage Learning.

Keeley, Lawrence H. (1996) War Before Civilization. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Lull, Vicente, Micó, Rafael, Rihuete Herrada, Cristina and Risch, Robert (2006) "La investigación de la violencia: una aproximación desde la arqueología". Cypsela, 16: 87-108.

Lull, Vicente, Micó, Rafael, Rihuete Herrada, Cristina and Risch, Robert (2015) "Gewalt - ein Beitrag zu deren Wahrnehmung und Bedingungen". In: H. Meller and M. Schefzik, eds., Krieg - eine archäologische Spurensuche. Halle, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt: 33-36.

Martin, Debra and Frayer, David W. ed. (1997) Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past. Amsterdam, Gordon and Breach.

Mauss, Marcel and Hubert, Henri (1899) "Essai sur la nature et la fonction du sacrifice". Année sociologique, II pp. 29-138.

Meller, Harald and Schefzik, Michael ed. (2015) Krieg - eine archäologische Spurensuche. Halle, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt.

Montero, Andrés (2001) "Síndrome de adaptación paradójica a la violencia doméstica: una propuesta teórica". Clínica y Salud, 12 (1) pp. 5-31.

Namnyak, Mary et al. (2008) "'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117 pp. 4-11.

Olshansky, S. Jay et al. (2012) "Differences In Life Expectancy Due To Race And Educational Differences Are Widening, And Many May Not Catch Up". Health Affairs, 31 (8): 1803-1813. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746 PMid:22869659

Otto, Ton, Thrane, H. and Vandkilde, Helle ed. (2006) Warfare and Society. Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives. Aarhus, Aarhus University Press.

Pathou-Matis, Marylène (2013) Préhistoire de la violence et de la guerre. Paris, Odile Jacob.

Ralph, Sarah ed. (2012) The Archaeology of Violence. Interdisciplinary Approaches. Albany, State University of New York Press.

Rawlings, Edna I. and Graham, Dee L. R. (2007) "Stockholm Syndrome in Battered Women". In: N. A. Jackson, ed., Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence. London, Routledge pp. 689-696.

Schnyder, Ulrich and Cloitre, Marylène ed. (2015) Evidence Based Treatments for Trauma-Related Psychological Disorders: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Cham, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07109-1

Speckhard, Anne et al. (2005) "Stockholm Effects and Psychological Responses to Captivity in Hostages Held by Suicide Terrorists". Traumatology. 11 (2) pp. 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/153476560501100206

Testart, Alain (2004) Les morts d'accompagnement. La servitude volontaire I. Paris, Errance.

Watts, Joseph et al. (2016) "Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies". Nature, 229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17159 PMid:27042932

White, Chris and Edgar, Grace (2010) "Inequalities in healthy life expectancy by social class and area type: England, 2001-03". Health Statistics Quarterly. 45 pp. 28-56. https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2010.3 PMid:20383164

Zizek, Slavoj (2008) On Violence. New York, Picador.